Truancy is any intentional, unjustified, unauthorized, or illegal absence from compulsory education. It is absence caused by students of their own free will, and usually does not refer to legitimate excused absences, such as ones related to medical conditions. Truancy is usually explicitly defined in the school's handbook of policies and procedures. Some children whose parents claim to homeschool have also been found truant in the United States. Another term for truancy is playing hooky; attending school but not going to class is called skipping class.
The Tokugawa shogunate, also known as the Tokugawa bakufu (徳川幕府?) and the Edo bakufu (江戸幕府?), was the last feudal Japanese military government which existed between 1603 and 1867.[1] The heads of government were the shoguns,[2] and each was a member of the Tokugawa clan.[3] The Tokugawa shogunate ruled from Edo Castle and the years of the shogunate became known as the Edo period.[4] This time is also called the Tokugawa period[1] or pre-modern (Kinsei (近世?)).[5]
Following the Sengoku Period of "warring states", the central government had been largely reestablished by Oda Nobunaga during the Azuchi-Momoyama period. After the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600, central authority fell to Tokugawa Ieyasu.
戦国時代の後、織田信長が安土桃山幕府を開いた。関が原の戦いの後、徳川家に権力が移った。
Society in the Tokugawa period, unlike the shogunates before it, was supposedly based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local rulers. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.
In the mid-19th century, an alliance of several of the more powerful daimyo, along with the titular Emperor, finally succeeded in the overthrow of the shogunate after the Boshin War, culminating in the Meiji Restoration. The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end in 1868 with the resignation of the 15th Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu, leading to the "restoration" (王政復古, Ōsei fukko) of imperial rule. Notwithstanding its eventual overthrow in favor of the more "modernized", less feudal form of governance of the Meiji Restoration, the Tokugawa shogunate oversaw the longest period of peace and stability in Japan's history, lasting well over 250 years.
The bakuhan taisei (幕藩体制) was the feudal political system in the Edo period of Japan. Baku, or "tent," is an abbreviation of bakufu, meaning "military government" — that is, the shogunate. The han were the domains headed by daimyo.
Vassals held inherited lands and provided military service and homage to their lords. The Bakuhan Taisei split feudal power between the shogunate in Edo and provincial domains throughout Japan. Provinces had a degree of sovereignty and were allowed an independent administration of the Han in exchange for loyalty to the Shogun, who was responsible for foreign relations and national security. The shogun and lords were all daimyo: feudal lords with their own bureaucracies, policies, and territories. The Shogun also administered the most powerful han, the hereditary fief of the House of Tokugawa. Each level of government administered its own system of taxation.
something that is created with imagination and skill and that is beautiful or that expresses important ideas or feelings
works created by artists, paintings, sculptures, etc., that are created to be beautiful or to express important ideas or feelings
the methods and skills used for painting, sculpting, drawing, etc.
最古の絵画
Cave paintings (also known as "parietal art") are painted drawings on cave walls or ceilings, mainly of prehistoric origin, to some 40,000 years ago (around 38,000 BCE) in both Asia and Europe. The exact purpose of the Paleolithic cave paintings is not known. Evidence suggests that they were not merely decorations of living areas since the caves in which they have been found do not have signs of ongoing habitation. They are also often located in areas of caves that are not easily accessible. Some theories hold that cave paintings may have been a way of communicating with others, while other theories ascribe a religious or ceremonial purpose to them. The paintings are remarkably similar around the world, with animals being common subjects that give the most impressive images. Humans mainly appear as images of hands, mostly hand stencils made by blowing pigment on a hand held to the wall.
注目すべきはこの一文です。 The paintings are remarkably similar around the world フロイトでいうところの無意識みたいなものでしょうか。
The earliest known cave paintings/drawings of animals are at least 35,000 years old, at Maros on the island of Sulawesi in Indonesia, according to datings announced in 2014. Previously it was believed that the earliest paintings were in Europe.[1] The earliest figurative paintings in Europe date back to the Aurignacian period, approximately 30,000 to 32,000 years ago, and are found in the Chauvet Cave in France, and in the Coliboaia Cave in Romania.[2] The earliest non-figurative rock art dates back to approximately 40,000 years ago, the date given both to a disk in the El Castillo cave in Cantabria, Spain and a hand stencil in Sulawesi. There are similar later paintings in Africa, Australia and South America, continuing until recent times in some places, though there is a worldwide tendency for open air rock art to succeed paintings deep in caves.
there is a worldwide tendency for open air rock art この一文も興味深いです。 ワールドワイドな出来事だったのでしょう。 当時、洞窟は人々を外界から守るためのシェルターでしたから。
2016년 올랜도 나이트클럽 총기 난사 사건은 2016년 6월 12일 미국 플로리다 주 올랜도의 펄스(Pulse)라는 게이 나이트클럽에서 발생한 총기 난사 사건이다. 최소 50명이 숨지고 53명이 부상당하였다. 이 사건은 단일 총기범에 의한 가장 많은 희생자를 나은 총기 난사 사건이자 가장 참혹한 성소수자에 대한 폭력이다.
미국 연방 수사당국은 용의자의 신원이 29세의 아프가니스탄계 미국인 오마르 미르 세디크 마틴(Omar Mir Seddique Mateen)이라는 사실을 확인했다고 밝혔다. 오마르 마틴은 IS의 리더 아부 바크르 알바그다디에 충성을 맹세했다고 주장했지만, 미국의 수사당국은 IS와의 어떠한 직접적인 연관성을 찾지 못하였다
Jean Baudrillard. Violence of the Image. 2004. 1/9
ボードリヤール講演
消費社会における象徴とは 以下引用
消費社会の神話と構造
『消費社会の神話と構造』(しょうひしゃかいのしんわとこうぞう 仏語原題La Société de consommation)は1970年にフランスで刊行されたジャン・ボードリヤールの著書。日本では1979年に今村仁司、塚原史により翻訳され、紀伊国屋書店より刊行。消費社会論の代表的な著書であり、ボードリヤールの代表的な著作である。
I could tell you that art plays a large part in making our lives infinitely rich. Imagine, just for a minute, a world without art! (You may think "So what?" but please consider the impact that lack of graphics would have on your favorite video game.) Art stimulates different parts of our brains to make us laugh or incite us to riot, with a whole gamut of emotions in between. Art gives us a way to be creative and express ourselves. For some people, art is the entire reason they get out of bed in the morning. You could say "Art is something that makes us more thoughtful and well-rounded humans."
On the other hand, art is such a large part of our everyday lives that we may hardly even stop to think about it.
SYDNEY (Reuters) - Tens of thousands of Fijians remain homeless and living in evacuation shelters in the aftermath of a devastating cyclone at the weekend, officials said on Thursday, as aid began trickling in to the outer reaches of the South Pacific archipelago.
The death toll from Cyclone Winston, the worst storm ever recorded in the southern hemisphere, remained at 42 but officials at Fiji's National Disaster Management Office fear that figure will rise. 引用元：http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/cyclone-winson-fiji_us_56cebbefe4b0871f60ea2722 フィジーのサイクロンについて
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, similar to hyperkinetic disorder in the ICD-10) is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder in which there are significant problems with executive functions (e.g., attentional control and inhibitory control) that cause attention deficits, hyperactivity, or impulsiveness which is not appropriate for a person's age. These symptoms must begin by age six to twelve and persist for more than six months for a diagnosis to be made. In school-aged individuals inattention symptoms often result in poor school performance. Although it causes impairment, particularly in modern society, many children have a good attention span for tasks they find interesting. 引用元：ウィキペディア hyperkinetic 運動過剰 neurodevelopmental 神経発生的 exective 実行する inhibitory 抑制している
(CNN)—The pilots of TransAsia Airways Flight GE235 grappled with problems with both engines before the plane clipped a bridge and crashed into a river, killing dozens of people, Taiwan's Aviation Safety Council said Friday.
The stall warning went off in the cockpit five times, starting from about 37 seconds after takeoff, the aviation agency told reporters, citing information from the aircraft's flight recorders.
The two engines on the ATR 72 turboprop aircraft stopped producing power one after the other, leaving the plane flying without thrust for more than a minute, according to the agency.
The alarms sounded for the first engine that ceased power output, but the crew was then heard discussing switching off the other engine before it also stopped generating power.
The pilots issued a mayday alert to air traffic control, announcing an engine flameout, or power failure. They eventually managed to restart the engine, but it was too late to prevent a crash.
The Aviation Safety Council said Friday it was still collecting information on the disaster, with a full analysis of Flight GE235's flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder still months away, and wasn't yet able to say why the engines shut down.
Thomas Wang, the council's managing director, said investigators will look into the crew's role, including the possibility they shut off the left engine in response to a warning about the right engine. He said the left engine could have stopped working for multiple reasons.
"Either someone reduced it or something else happened, a mechanical failure," Wang said. "We don't know."
Varanasi is said to be the oldest surviving city of the world. Varanasi is also called as Kashi or Benaras. Being the most venerated pilgrim place in Hindu religion, Varanasi is said to be a museum of temples. Also called the city of temples, Varanasi is home to about 2,000 temples. People from all parts of India as well as the world come to Varanasi to visit these temples, making the holy temples of Varanasi amongst the most visited temples in India. Many important and famous temples are located at Ganga Ghats (river front), adding to the religious value of the holy river, Ganges.
Most of the temples that are located on the Ganga Ghats are old and date back to the medieval period. According to legends the first Siva Jyotirlinga, the fiery pillar of light, came through the earth here and flared into the sky. Therefore Varanasi is also called Kashi, "the City of Light." The Kashi Vishwanath temple, located near the Ganga Ghats, is the most famous and important temple of Varanasi. In this temple resides the guardian of the holy city, Lord Shiva. Other important temples of Varanasi are the new Vishwanath temple, the Sankat Mochan temple, the Durga temple, the Kal Bhairav temple and the Mritunjaya temple.
Hinduism is the dominant religion of the Indian subcontinent. It comprises three major traditions, Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism, whose followers considered Shiva, Vishnu and Shakti (also called as Devi) to be the supreme deity respectively. Most of the other deities were either related to them or different forms (incarnations) of these deities. Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the world, and many practitioners refer to Hinduism as "the eternal law". (Sanātana Dharma). Given below is a list of the chief Hindu deities followed by a list of Hindu deities (including demi-gods).
Within Hinduism, a large number of personal gods (Ishvaras) are worshipped as murtis. These beings are significantly powerful entities known as devas. The exact nature of belief in regard to each deity varies between differing Hindu denominations and philosophies. Often these beings are depicted in humanoid or partially humanoid forms, complete with a set of unique and complex iconography in each case. The devas are expansions of Brahman into various forms, each with a certain quality.
引用元：http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_deities
There are kinds of castes in India located out of the normal castes called Dalit. The level of the castes of Dalit is at the bottom of whole castes. It is occasitonally called scheduled castes.
Occupations of Dalits are mostly handicraftman, poor peasant, butcher, wash people, leather worker. This is common to the occupations of Japan's fudal outcast group's one.
Brittany Maynard: Terminally ill cancer patient and American euthanasia activist ends life by assisted suicide 末期のがん患者、安楽死によって死亡
A young woman who re-opened the debate over assisted suicide after publicly announcing she would take her own life, has died. 自ら死を選ぶ女性、論議を呼ぶ
Brittany Maynard, 29, who campaigned for “Death with dignity”, was suffering from an aggressive malignant brain tumour and died in Oregon from taking lethal drugs prescribed by a doctor. 末期の悪性腫瘍の女性、医師から処方された薬で死亡
Maynard was diagnosed with cancer on New Year’s Day and was later given six months to live. She and her husband Dan Diaz moved to Oregon earlier this year due to the state’s right-to-die laws.
She became a nationally recognised advocate for the group Compassion & Choices, a non-profit organisation that works to improve patients’ rights and choices at the end of life.
For one thing, how people who doesn't concern directry her crtisize the decision she did. There should be the freedom to choose how one end his life if there are reasonable justification.
We have actually come to the point where the one decide the end of his life. People don't need to jump down to the train to suiside. Just choose to die.
What if one's die is clear and the economic burden will be too heavy for the family to survive and yet the death is inevitable, choosing euthanasia come as a one of a natural opton.
In these 2 weeks, I am continuously exchanging e-mails with a girl who is in her middle 20s. One of my students' parent try to match making for me but that seem to be undesirable. Her junior is in her early 40s. It is not for me. I don't want to date 40s woman.
It is a kind of my selfishness. I have missed my romance in my young age, I have been isolated myself for a long time. I have been living for myself not for others. So in this 20 years, I tried to show my bravity to ask woman a date and failed and then corwordly draw back to my nest.
One failure shooked me enough unable to speak up my mind to a woman anymore. After a while I have recovered from the damage, I notice that I have got old.
This time I think this is the last chance to find a young girl friend. So I must show my manship and bravity and never hasitate to use the word that means , I like you...or more.
It is so hard to me for staying in this house alone after recieving the upsetting notice.Now I am groaning the reality of whole one year to wait for the next chance. This is too harsh to the person who has been tackling with all those parental trouble. Who however the one working like me is worth taking that ruthless outcome?
This is the 6times around since I firstly took that testing. I curse everything, I have every right to curse everything.
I have sweared that this time around it may be the good time for me celebrating with the good news. But the final outcome was owefully cruel.
.........................
I am considering on my nature to this profession. This outcome taught me that I am not qualified with this profession.
Maybe this comes from my nature as a human-being.
My isolation, negative feeling, undesirable human relationship with co-workers, all those factor make me unable to path only one testing.
.............................
Some factor existing inside me make myself impossible to emerge as a positive existence.
I am not confident to myself so I can not behave as a positive being even can not as if I were to be.
In these days it is more difficule to me to adjust the line of sight to others who are not familier to me. So I am not confident to myself.
.............................
One day, one of my old friend pointed out my charactor and that was so embarrassing. He spoke out that as a joke but it realy hert me. But I will never touch on it because it is so embarrassing to me.
............................
Every factor of my life is conecting and cycling and end up with one failure. One would know what makes my face overshadowed and silence and isolated. I am very silent in my work place, one because once I thought they can not understand what I was thinking and do not need to converse them or make myself accross to them. I use to be a cheering person but as time goes that nature has lost.
.............................
How many worker like me serving myself to this profession are dismissed in the testing. Not so many.Or something is wrong working inside.
.............................
My atitude? I do not know. But the higher-up does not thing my working atitude nice. I have yelled at students and yelling time to time with loud voice that the higher-up does not like. And I am not smiling to the higher up and not try to talk or to make the relationship good.
..............................
Today I am going to the English conversaton cafe in Iidabashi, but my output ability is not good enough to thrive in the tables. So writing journal in English is part of my training for outputting.
..............................
Tomorrow, the job will start as normal as everyday but my mind is unsure with the outcome. But I have no option but work and behave as usual.
Going for Nepal that is the final hope that will give me consolation. My stomach soring so is my heart.
エキサイト翻訳 It was announced that ion will transform into a wholly owned subsidiary next year Daiei of the consolidated subsidiary where poor business continues the first. The Daiei stock carries out the exchange of shares to an aeon stock, and is delisted in First Section of the Tokyo Stock Exchange at the end of this year. The shop name of Daiei is likely for Daiei to specialize in the food supermarket of the metropolitan area and the Keihanshin area, to aim at a performance improvement by reorganization of a store network, and to disappear in 2018. -- Reuters, Nihon Keizai Shimbun September 23, 2014
Daiei will transform into wholy owned subsidaly next year.Its stokc is exchanged to AEON and delisted in First Section of theTokyo Stock Exchange.
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