구조주의(構造主義, 영어: structuralism)는 인문학과 사회 과학 등 다양한 학문에 영향을 미친 철학의 사상 흐름의 하나로, 근본 요소들 사이의 상호 관계 위에 정신적, 언어적, 사회적, 문화적 '구조'가 성립하며, 그 구조에서 특정 개인이나 문화의 의미가 생산된다는 관점이다.
フェルディナン・ド・ソシュール（Ferdinand de Saussure、1857年11月26日 - 1913年2月22日）は、スイスの言語学者、言語哲学者。「近代言語学の父」といわれている（ここでの「近代」とは、構造主義のこと、特に「ヨーロッパにおける構造主義言語学」を指している。それとは全く異なる「アメリカ構造主義言語学」（構造主義文法を参照）もあるので注意。また、現代の言語学の直接の起こりは第二次大戦後であり、この「近代言語学」との直接の連続性は低い）。
기호의 의미는 그 자체의 고유한 어떤 내용에서 오는 것이 아니라 다른 단어들과의 관계속에서 '차이'에 의해 규정된다. 이는 의미가 긍정적으로(positively) 규정되는 것이 아니라 '그것은 다른 것이 아니다'는 관계에 의해 부정적으로(negatively) 규정된다는 것이다. 기표와 기표의 차이로 인해 기의가 구성된다.
英語学習日記 Vanishing Sea Ice Could Trigger More Arctic Precipitation A promising method for evaluating Arctic precipitation predicts retreating sea ice will increase snow and rainfall in the Arctic and counteract some of global climate change's effects regionally.
Sea ice faces a grim future as global temperatures rise. The warming temperatures melt the ice and force it to retreat further poleward. Images of skinny polar bears often accompany news of sea ice disappearing, but a new study predicts a less bleak impact of the retreating ice on Arctic weather and precipitation.
A recent study examined the origins of moisture in the Arctic atmosphere, which falls as rain or snow. The team of researchers, led by Ben Kopec, a graduate student in Dartmouth University’s Earth Sciences Department, found that as sea ice retreats, more moisture evaporates from Arctic waters. This moisture then contributes more heavily as a source for precipitation. The researchers predict more atmospheric moisture will lead to an increase in the overall amount of precipitation falling in the Arctic. Their study was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
주점에서 술을 마신 후 술값을 내지 않고 “우리 아빠가 구의원”이라며 난동을 부린 20대 여성이 집행유예를 선고받았다.
정모(20·여)씨는 지난 2월27일 오전 4시7분쯤 서울 동대문구의 한 주점에서 술값을 지불하지 않고 나가려다 주인 박모(42·여)씨와 승강이를 벌인다.
정 씨의 ‘철없는 갑질’ 행패는 이때부터 본격적으로 시작된다. 정 씨는 박 씨에게 “우리 아빠가 구의원이다”라며 소리를 질렀다.
박 씨는 정 씨에게 “아빠가 구의원이면 더 잘하고 다녀야지 이러면 어떻게 하느냐”고 맞서자 정 씨는 욕설을 퍼부으며 박 씨의 뺨을 두 대 때렸다. 이에 박 씨는 경찰에 신고했고 출동한 경찰 앞에서도 정 씨의 난동은 계속 이어졌다.
정 씨는 경찰 앞에서도 “우리 아빠가 구의원이야, 너네 다 죽었어, 아빠한테 전화할거야”라며 경찰을 폭행하고 현장을 떠나려 했다. 정 씨의 행패가 계속 이어지자 경찰은 공무집행방해죄 등으로 정 씨에게 수갑을 채워현행범으로 체포했다. 하지만, 정 씨는 체포된 뒤에도 발을 이용해 경찰을 걷어찼다.
공무집행방해 및 폭행 혐의로 기소된 정 씨에 대해 서울북부지법 형사9단독 박재경 판사는 징역 10개월에 집행유예 2년을 선고했다. 재판부는 또 정 씨에게 160시간의 사회봉사를 명령했다.
재판부는 “자신보다 20살이나 더 많은 주점 주인에게 자신의 아버지가 구의원임을 과시하며 갖은 욕설을 내뱉고 경찰에게도 인격적 모멸감을 느낄 정도의 욕설과 폭행을 했다”며 “자신의 아버지가 구의원이면 더욱더 행동을 조심하고 부끄러운 모습을 숨기는 것이 우리 사회가 바라는 보통 시민들의 행동일 것”이라고 밝혔다.
재판부는 다만 “정 씨의 죄질과 죄책은 실형도 과도하다고 보기 어렵지만 정 씨의 행동들을 정 씨의 탓으로만 돌리기는 어렵다. 결국, 우리 사회가 외형만 성장했을 뿐 시민의식이 성숙하지 못했고 시민의식 함양에 대한 사회 교육시스템이 부족해 공직자 가족을 포함한 공직자들 스스로의 그릇되고 구태의연한 잠재적 권위 의식에서 비롯된 것으로 본다”며 “잘못을 반성하고 있는 정 씨가 앞으로 건전하고 성숙한 시민으로 거듭날 수 있는 기회를 주기 위해 징역형의 집행을 유예하기로 했다"고 판시했다.
When I talked to the English philosopher, Colin McGinn,at his apartment in New York, we discussed at some length the meaning of the word "belief", and much of that discussion is in the "Atheism" series. But to begin with, I just wanted to get from Colin a sense of what it felt like to be a sceptical English philosopher in a country as seemingly religious as the United States.
Sometimes Americans will say, "So, you don't believe in God," and I say,"That's right. I don't believe in God." And they say, "So, do you believe in anything?" Oh, yes. "Do you believe in anything?" And I say, "I believe in many things, " and I don't make jokes, like " I believe in tables and chairs."I say to them, "I believe in various ethical causes, and political ideas, "and other aesthetic values, intellectual values. "Lots of things that I believe in." And they say, "That's all you believe in?" "That's all I believe in." "Don't you believe in something God-like?" Or, "You don't believe in the traditional God. "Do you believe there's something there?" And I say, "No. There's nothing there." And it's very difficult to get across to people who are religious, that when you're an Atheist you mean you don't believe in anything like that whatsoever. It's not that you think Nature is God, or it doesn't have personal qualities or something like that, you don't believe in anything of that type. Nothing supernatural. Nothing miraculous, nothing superstitious. No ghosts, so telepathy, you know, nothing of that kind. That's what it's to do with. It's not I'm picking on God, somehow, picking on the Christian God and not believe in Him, it's just nothing of that type.
It is sometimes difficult to talk and get myself accross to people strongly believe religion. This is my basic thought that this world is only made up with molecule and thei behavior decides what this world seems to be. There must be a formula that is working between molecule to molecule. And because this world of molecule is so huge and complex so each molecule will conect to others or other molecule unit with a rule otherwise this world might be a total chaos. And the rule working behind molecules is something, but God-like.
There are so many things we have ever not settled down in. And people tends to settle down in this, like this is God causes.
The lecturer in the English conversation cafe consistently told me that how God is great, read the holy Bible and so on. And even after I explained that how myself as a atheist, he will never stop keeping on telling how this religion is great and he handed me his e-mail address saying that he will offer me a special support if I need.
Kot Chutta, Pakistan (CNN) -- From behind the steel bars of his jail cell, Muhammad Ismail described with uncanny ease how he shot and killed his wife, his mother-in-law, and sister-in-law. 彼の牢獄の鉄格子の後ろで、ムハマド・イズマイルは、どのように妻、妻の母、義理の姉を殺したのか異様に話した。
"The first shot hit the side of her body," Ismail said. "I left her there and went next door and killed my wife's mother and sister. I made sure they were all dead. Then I locked the door and left the house." 最初の一発は彼女の体の横だ、イズマイルは言った。私は隣の部屋に行って妻の母と義理の姉を殺した。全員死んでいるか確認した。そして、カギをかけて家を出た。
Without any apparent regret, Ismail said he would do it again. 後悔は見られない。イズマイルはまたやるという。
"I am proud of what I did. That's why I turned myself over to the police." やったことを誇りに思う。だから警察に来たんだ。
Ismail's confession to the triple-murder that took place last February in a village in central Pakistan is a rare and chilling first-hand account of a so-called 'honor' killing -- the murder of women who are usually accused of dishonoring their families by being unfaithful or disobedient. イズマイルは三つの殺人について告白した。それは去年２月中央パキスタンの村で起きたもので、珍しくゾッとするもので、直接取材の報告では、名誉の殺人だという。浮気と不従順により彼女の家族を裏切ってきたため非難されていた女性の殺人だ。
